Prevention of fouling and scaling in stationary and circulating liquid–solid fluidized bed heat exchangers: Particle impact measurements and analysis

Fluidized particles in liquid–solid fluidized bed heat exchangers are able to remove deposits from the walls and thus to prevent fouling or scaling. This fouling prevention ability is believed to depend strongly on the frequency and force of particle–wall collisions. This paper presents piezoelectric measurements of impacts on the wall in both stationary and circulating fluidized beds of various particle sizes and bed voidages. Two types of impacts were measured, namely by collisions of particles on the sensor and by liquid pressure fronts induced by particle–particle collisions close to the sensor. The characteristics of both impact types are used to analyze the total impulse and energy exerted by impacts on the wall for various fluidized beds.     

Mechanical properties and microstructure for 3 mol% yttria doped zirconia/silicon carbide nanocomposites

3 Mol% yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (3Y-TZP) is well known as a transformation toughening material with excellent mechanical properties at ambient temperature. However, the properties of 3Y-TZP drop down with increasing temperature. In this study, nanocomposite techniques were applied in order to improve mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP. 3Y-TZP/SiC nanocomposites were fabricated by hot-pressing, and effects of SiC particles on microstructure, transformation from tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO₂) to monoclinic ZrO₂ (m-ZrO₂) and its mechanical properties were investigated. Fracture toughness of the nanocomposite was improved without decrease of strength. This should be due to not only crack deflection by dispersed SiC particles with high Young's modulus, but also the phase transformation of t-ZrO₂ accelerated by the residual stresses from coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch between 3Y-TZP and SiC.     

一种监测月球尘埃沉积质量的方法

月球探测过程中,由于自然悬浮和人类活动激起的月尘沉积在航天器表面,致使航天器敏感部件性能下降,需要实地监测长期探测过程中月尘的沉积质量,进而对其影响进行预估。通过对月尘遮挡效应的研究,设计利用测量太阳电池短路电流来监测月尘沉积量的方法。     

Preparation of α-SnWO4 hierarchical spheres by Bi3+-doping and their enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light

Bi-doped α-SnWO₄ porous spheres assembled by thin plates were prepared by a simple hydrothermal process without any template. The effects of Bi³⁺ ions on the microstructure and photocatalytic activity of α-SnWO₄ were investigated. The doping of Bi can induce a shape transformation from nanoplates of pure α-SnWO₄ to hierarchical spheres of Bi-doped samples. The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared samples were evaluated by photocatalytic de-colorization of methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation. Bi-doped α-SnWO₄ samples exhibit better photocatalytic property than pure α-SnWO₄, and the optimal Bi-doping concentration is around 0.5 at%. The enhanced photocatalytic properties of Bi-doped α-SnWO₄ spheres can be ascribed to the porous hierarchical structure and the introduction of defects induced by Bi-doping, which improve visible-light absorption and allow the efficient charge separation of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Bi-doped α-SnWO₄ has a great potential in industrial water treatment due to its satisfactory recyclability and stability.     

在聚酰亚胺表面构筑含微纳米SiO2颗粒涂层的方法研究

目的 研究一种将St?ber法制备的SiO2纳米微球分散在含硅溶胶体系中,在聚酰亚胺(PI,Kapton)表面制备含SiO2微纳米颗粒涂层的新方法,并利用该涂层提高Kapton薄膜的使用寿命和抗原子氧(atomic oxygen,AO)侵蚀能力.方法 用正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)在碱性条件下制备St?ber微球,用3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)在酸性条件下制备含硅溶胶.将St?ber微球均匀分散到溶胶中,用提拉镀膜方法在经低浓度NaOH水热处理后的Kapton薄膜表面,制备含SiO2微纳米颗粒的涂层.在束流密度为1.43×1016 atoms/(cm2·s),辐照时间为6 h的AO环境中进行模拟试验.用SEM扫描电镜和AFM原子力显微镜表征试验前后样品的表面形貌.结果 AO辐照后,原始Kapton薄膜的质量损失和AO侵蚀率分别为1.39 mg/cm2和3.17×10?24 cm3/atom,且Kapton表面被严重侵蚀;而有涂层的Kapton样品,质量损失和AO侵蚀率分别下降为0.10 mg/cm2和0.22×10?24 cm3/atom,侵蚀率只相当于原始Kapton的6.9％.结论 采用St?ber与sol-gel相结合的方法,提高了所制备涂层中SiO2的含量.模拟试验表明,该涂层提高了样品的抗AO侵蚀能力.此制备方法简单实用,对于长寿命航天器中聚合物材料的AO防护,具有一定的研究意义.     

Liquid phase formation in the system SiC,Al2O3, Y2O3

The liquid phase formation in the system SiC–Al₂O₃–Y₂O₃ was investigated via differential thermal analysis (DTA) combined with thermogravimetry (TG). For this purpose mixtures of various alumina and yttria mol ratios and 10 and 20 mol% silicon carbide were densified and heat treated at different temperatures. It was shown that silicon carbide in the examined amounts has low influence on the melting temperature of the oxide phase. The compositions and microstructures formed were studied by SEM, EDX and XRD. The results were compared to thermodynamic calculations.     

Morphology modulation of organic photovoltaics with block copolymer additive based on rational design strategies

Organic photovoltaics are a promising alternative to silicon-based solar cells with benefits of low-cost production and large scalability. However, its performance is restricted by a non-equilibrium phase-separated morphology. Additive compositions of block copolymer P3HT-b-PFTBT are most likely to mix up and form donor and acceptor morphologies. The parallel bulk-heterojunction model was proposed to show the characteristic photovoltaic parameters and the effect of the parallel cascading heterojunction formation made up of isolated PCBM acceptor domains. We demonstrate block copolymer-based stretchable solar cells on plastic foil substrates, with good power conversion efficiency. To compare the efficiency and stretchability, organic photovoltaic devices were constructed using P3HT/PC₆₁BM, PTB7/PC₇₁BM and P3HT/P3HT-b-PFTBT/PCBM active layer combinations. We find that through rational design of the component ratio, the block-copolymer-based solar cell can withstand tensile strain up to 37%.     

涡旋电磁波天线技术研究进展

涡旋电磁波,因携带有轨道角动量(OAM),从而体现出除了传统的强度、相位、频率、极化等自由度之外的一种新型自由度,理论上在任意频率下都具有无穷多种互不干扰的正交模态,并且近年来其在雷达成像、无线通信等研究领域展现出重要的应用潜力,所以引起国内外学者的广泛关注,具有很高的研究价值和应用前景。在这里,该文主要介绍近年来涡旋电磁波天线技术的研究进展,包括单一微带贴片天线、阵列天线、行波天线、以及超表面天线结构等。单一微带贴片天线由于其结构简单、制作成本低而被广泛运用;行波天线可以在宽带范围内产生多OAM模式的涡旋电磁波;阵列天线的设计原理简单,可以灵活地控制产生不同模态的高增益OAM电磁波;而超表面天线不需要复杂的馈电网络,从而具有天线整体剖面较低的优势。该文对这4种常见的涡旋电磁波天线进行了总结,并展望了未来的发展趋势。